Outdoor versus indoor cultivation: Effects on the metabolite profile of Agaricus subrufescens strains analyzed by untargeted metabolomics.

Agaricus subrufescens has emerged as an important culinary-medicinal mushroom over the last decades. Efforts have been dedicated to upgrade the A. subrufescens productive process via strain selection and cultivation scaling-up. However, little is known on the influence of those variables on the metabolite profiles and nutraceutical properties of this mushroom. In this work, the effects of outdoor versus indoor cultivation on the metabolite profiles of five commercial strains of A. subrufescens were investigated by untargeted metabolomics. UHPLC-MS coupled to multivariate data analysis revealed that the concentration of several metabolites with reported health-related properties as well as related to taste and browning varied significantly between strains and were affected by the cultivation system in a strain-dependent manner. Data suggest that increasing the production scale by means of indoor cultivation may decrease the nutraceutical quality of some A. subrufescens strains while also affecting taste and browning susceptibility to different extents.

Chemical composition and chromatographic fingerprint of three strains of Agaricus subrufescens cultivated with handmade and commercial supplements.

Exploratory factor analysis was applied to determine the chemical differences between fruitbodies of three Agaricus subrufescens mushroom strains [from Japan (JP), Brazil (ABZ), and Belgium (T2)] grown with handmade and commercial supplements. The composition of the ABZ strain cultivated with agro-industrial waste supplement presented a high nutritional composition regarding the amounts of fibre and protein, similar to mushrooms cultivated with the commercial supplement. The chromatographic fingerprints obtained for T2 and JP strains grown with commercial supplements presented similar profiles compared to those cultivated with the supplement based on peanut and the mix of supplements. The chromatographic analysis also showed that the similarities are correlated with the relative abundance of antioxidant compounds annotated by HPLC-MS, such as vanillic acid deoxyhexoside, caffeic acid hexoside, catechin hexosemalonate, digallic acid, cinnamic acid derivative, and p-coumaroylmalic acid. This study showed that handmade supplements based on agro-industrial waste could be viable alternatives for replacing high-cost supplements.

Evaluation of the infection process by Lecanicillium fungicola in Agaricus bisporus by scanning electron microscopy.

BACKGROUND: Lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms leading to significant economic losses in commercial production. AIMS: To monitor the infection process of L. fungicola in Brazilian strains of A. bisporus. METHODS: The interaction between the mycelium of L. fungicola (LF.1) and three strains of A. bisporus (ABI 7, ABI 11/14 and ABI 11/21) was studied. Electron microscopy and X-ray microanalyses of vegetative growth and basidiocarp infection were evaluated. RESULTS: Micrographs show that the vegetative mycelium of the Brazilian strains of A. bisporus is not infected by the parasite. The images show that the pathogen can interlace the hyphae of A. bisporus without causing damage, which contributes to the presence of L. fungicola during the substrate colonization, allowing their presence during primordial formation of A. bisporus. In the basidiocarp, germ tubes form within 16h of infection with L. fungicola and the beginning of penetration takes place within 18h, both without the formation of specialized structures. CONCLUSIONS: Scanning electron microscopy enabled the process of colonization and reproduction to be observed within the formation of phialides, conidiophores and verticils of L. fungicola. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals by the pathogen was also visible using the X-ray microanalysis, both at the hyphae in the Petri plate and at basidiocarp infection site.

Adaptabilidad de cepas brasileñas de Agaricus subrufescens Peck a la fructificación sobre diferentes capas de cobertura en cultivo comercial / Adaptability of Brazilian strains of Agaricus subrufescens Peck to fruiting on various casing materials in commercial crops

Antecedentes. Agaricus subrufescens Peck es un hongo cuyo cultivo ha despertado gran interés en todo el mundo en los últimos años, adquiriendo gran popularidad. Sus propiedades medicinales y culinarias hacen prever una rápida expansión del cultivo en todo el mundo. Objetivos. El trabajo plantea como objetivo la evaluación del efecto sobre los principales parámetros de producción de 3 cepas de Agaricus subrufescens que se han hecho fructificar sobre 5 capas de cobertura diferentes. Métodos. Se ha llevado a cabo un ciclo de cultivo de Agaricus subrufescens en condiciones controladas en el que se han evaluado los principales parámetros de producción. Resultados. Los mejores resultados han sido proporcionados por la cepa ABL 99/30. Las coberturas basadas en turba presentan mejor comportamiento que las basadas en suelo mineral. El mayor rendimiento (6,75 kg/m−2, eficiencia biológica 27,57 kg/dt) ha sido proporcionado por la combinación ABL 99/30-Euroveen. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados evidencian que la combinación de la cepa ABL 99/30 utilizando una capa de cobertura basada en turba (Euroveen) ofrece un alto potencial para ser utilizada a escala comercial por el sector productor de hongos. La disponibilidad de alternativas a las especies de hongos comestibles cultivadas habitualmente puede suponer un mejor aprovechamiento de recursos y una mayor rentabilidad económica de la actividad (AU)

Background. Agaricus subrufescens Peck is a mushroom whose cultivation has aroused great interest worldwide in recent years, and is becoming increasingly popular. A rapid expansion of culture throughout the world is foreseen because of its medicinal and culinary properties. Aims. This work assesses the effect of 5 different casing layers on the production of 3 strains of Agaricus subrufescens. Methods. A growth cycle of Agaricus subrufescens under controlled conditions has been carried out. The main production parameters were evaluated. Results. The best results were provided by the ABL 99/30 strain. Peat-based casings have a better yield than those based on mineral soil. The highest yield (6.75 kg/m2, biological efficiency 27.57 kg/dt) was provided by the combination ABL 99/30-Euroveen. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the combination of the strain ABL 99/30 using a peat-based casing layer (Euroveen) offers a high potential for use on a commercial scale by the edible mushroom production sector. The availability of alternatives to the usually cultivated species can make better use of resources, and increase the profitability of this activity (AU)

Produção de agaricus blazei ss. Heinemann (a. Brasiliensis) em função de diferentes camadas de cobertura e substratos de cultivo / Production of agaricus blazei ss. Heinemann (a. Brasiliensis) in function of different casing layers and composts / Producción de agaricus blazei ss. Heinemann (a. Brasiliensis) en funcción de diferentes camadas de cobertura y sustratos de cultivo

Avaliou-se o efeito de duas formulações de composto, com palha de tifton (Cynodon sp.) e com palha de aveia (Avena sativa) e três camadas de cobertura (testemunha, testemunha + gel de acrilamida e testemunha + farelo de soja) na produção, eficiência biológica, massa e número de basidiomas de A. blazei. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 3´2 inteiramente casualizado, com quatro 4 repetições. A unidade experimental constou de 12-12,5kg de composto úmido. A presença de gel de acrilamida como camada de cobertura tendeu a apresentar maior produtividade e eficiência biológica. O composto à base de tifton apresentou uma tendência de menor produção e eficiência biológica em relação ao composto à base de aveia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate yield, biological efficiency, fresh weight and number of mushrooms of Agaricus blazei grown in two kinds of compost, prepared with Tifton (Cynodon sp.) grass and with oat (Avena sativa) straw, and three casing layers (control, control + acrilamyde gel and soil and control + soybean meal). The experiment consisted of four replicates (each with 12-12,5kg of fresh weight compost) arranged in a factorial scheme 3´2. The results showed a tendency for higher yield and biological efficiency when adding acrilamyde gel to the casing soil. The composts made with oat straw presented a tendency for higher yield and biological efficiency compared to the Tyfton.

Se evaluó el efecto de dos formulaciones de composta, con paja de césped Tifton (Cynodon sp.) y con paja de avena (Avena sativa) y tres camadas de cobertura (control, control + gel de acrilamida y control + salvado de soya) en la producción, eficiencia biológica, masa y número de basidiomas de A. blazei. El diseño experimental fue un esquema factorial 3´2 enteramente aleatorio con cuatro repeticiones. La unidad experimental consistió de 12-12,5kg de composta húmeda. La presencia de gel de acrilamida como camada de cobertura resultó en una tendencia a presentar mayor productividad y eficiencia biológica. La composta a base de Tifton presentó una tendencia a menor producción y eficiencia biológica en relación a la composta en base a avena.